Reactor

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a reactor driven in an oscillatory-rotary manner about its fixed, preferably vertical, axis, for preferably biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. By means of its process-intensifying properties for mixing, suspension, gaseous material transport, heat transfer, irradiation and particle retention, the applicability on the industrial scale is ensured. The reactor which succeeds without a shaft seal permits particularly robust production with respect to sterile technique with avoidance of cleaning and cleaning validation required when the reactor is constructed as a single-use reactor.

The invention relates to a reactor which is driven in anoscillating-rotating manner about a fixed vertical axis forbiotechnological and pharmaceutical applications havingprocess-intensifying properties for mixing, suspension, oxygentransport, heat transfer, irradiation and particle retention, which canbe used, without shaft sealing, preferably as a disposable reactor, andthereby ensure s a maximum level of process security in terms ofcleaning and sterility.

In the highly regulated production of pharmaceuticals, a largeexpenditure in terms of time, equipment and personnel is apportioned tothe provision of cleaned and sterilized bioreactors. In order to avoidcross-contamination reliably in a product change in a multipurpose plantor between two product batches, apart from the cleaning, a very complexcleaning validation is required which may need to be repeated in theevent of a process adaptation. This applies not only to upstreamprocessing, USP, that is to say the production of biological products infermenters, but also to downstream processing, DSP, that is to saypurification of the fermentation products. In USP and DSP, use isfrequently made of kettles as agitator and reaction systems. Especiallyin the case of fermentation, an aseptic environment is essential forsuccessful culturing. For the sterilization of batch or fed-batchfermenters, generally the SIP technique is used. In order in the case ofcontinuous process procedure to ensure sufficient long-term sterility,the autoclave technique is also used, which however, requires laborioustransport of the reactors to the autoclave and is only usable withcomparatively small reactor scales. The risk of contamination duringfermentation is particularly critical during sampling and at movingstirrer shafts. The latter are generally equipped with complex sealingsystems (e.g.: sliding-ring seals). Technologies which succeed withoutsuch penetration of the fermentation casing are preferred because oftheir greater process robustness.

The downtime of the reactors necessitated by the preparation procedurescan be, in particular in the case of short use periods and frequentchange of product, of the order of magnitude of reactor availability.The affected steps in the USP of biotechnological production are theprocess steps of media production and fermentation, and in the DSP,solubilization, freezing, thawing, pH adjustment, precipitation,crystallization, buffer exchange and virus inactivation.

For carrying out the reactions in the USP and DSP, frequently aplurality of reaction conditions must be met simultaneously. Forinstance, fermentation, for example, in addition to oxygen supply andCO₂ removal, requires gentle suspension of the cells, rapid mixing ofthe media and neutralizing agents for avoidance of overconcentration andalso heating of the reaction liquid. Particle retention can also berequired, e.g. for the use of perfusion strategies.

In the case of precipitation and crystallization, rapid addition of theprecipitant, efficient temperature control and gentle holding of theparticles formed in suspension are of particular importance.

Generally, in all process steps of biotechnological production, shallowtemperature gradients are required in order not to damage the products.This condition, especially in freezing and thawing processes, leads toconsiderably increased process times with increasing reactor scale,since no mixing elements can be used in these steps. Heat transport intothe reaction medium is limited by the thermal conductivity of the icelayer and also by free convection in the liquid. Long process times,however, can lead to considerable product losses in the presence ofproteolytic activity.

Gentle sterilization and virus inactivation of starting materials andproduct solutions can be achieved by UVC irradiation at a wavelength of254 nm. The radiation damages the DNA and RNA which lie at theabsorption maximum of the viruses and microorganisms and preventsthereby their multiplication, whereas the proteins which are situated inthe absorption minimum of the UVC radiation are very substantiallyretained. A great problem is the depth of penetration of the UVCradiation, which is frequently restricted to only a few tenths of amillimeter in biological media. This makes efficient replacement of thefilm in the active irradiation zone necessary in order firstly toirradiate all viruses with the required radiation dose and secondly tominimize the radiation load of the products.

The requirement of a constantly renewed boundary layer is also posed inthe case of filtration, in order to counteract the development ofcovering layers which limit the transmembrane flow.

All process engineering steps of mass transport and heat transport,particle separation, UV irradiation and the addition or distribution ofsolids or additives or gases requires sufficient agitation of thereaction medium. This agitation is ensured, in the pharmaceuticalindustry, in the stainless steel reactors customarily used there, bymeans of appropriately dimensioned agitators or by sparging.

Membrane gas introduction is used for gentle oxygen supply of cellcultures. As membranes, gas-permeable silicone tubes are wound onto acylindrical membrane stator which receive flow from aradially-transporting anchor agitator [WO 2005/111192 A1]. A more thandoubling of the exchange area and thereby a significant increase in masstransport can be achieved by paralleling the membrane stators.

Other membrane gas-introduction systems [WO 85/02195 and DE 10 2004 029709 B4 and DE3428758], in the gas introduction, set up agitators orbaskets which are covered with membrane tubes and are moved in apendulum-like manner in the fermentation solution, or membrane stacks[U.S. Pat. No. 6,708,957 B2], which are swung in the fermentationsolution. These membrane gas-introduction systems, however, aredistinguished in that they can only be converted to an industriallyrelevant scale with limitations.

In order to meet the demand for a rapid and flexible charging of theproduction plant while maintaining maximum cleanliness and sterility,designs for single-use reactors are the subject of constantly growinginterest on the market.

Single-use technologies for filtration have long been known. Recently, asingle-use technology has also become available on the market for UVCtreatment [WO02/038191 WO02/0385502, EP1464342]. Designs for single-useheat exchangers are only available for small scales [EP1464342]. Alltechnologies are operated in continuous flow, so that in addition to areservoir vessel, the use of pumps and lines is necessary for whichcleaning and sanitation plans still need to be provided as before.

There currently exist various commercially available mixing systemswhich operate on the basis of a plastic bag—single-use technology. Theseinclude systems [Hyclone Laboratories, Inc. (http://www.hyclone.com)]which are equipped with blade or magnetic stirrers or circulation pumpelements. The systems are available up to a volume of 200 L. [SartoriusAG (http://www.sartorius.de)] offers a single-use system which operatesup to a volume of 500 L using a free-floating single-use magneticstirrer which has no contact with the single-use plastic bag andtherefore also no material wear. Single-use mixing systems up to avolume of 10 liters are available at [ATMI, Inc(http://www.atmi-lifesciences.com)]. In this system the material to bemixed is charged into a single-use bag and mixed under rotation. Forlarger volumes up to 200 L [ATMI, Inc.] offers a single-use bag stirringsystem which is distinguished in that the stirring element isinvaginated into the bag. Mixing in this case is not achieved by arotary motion around a fixed axis but by a stirring-tilting motion.

In [EP 1 462 155 A1], use is made of a single-use vessel for mixing anddispersing materials by means of a magnetic stirrer which is situatedwithin a protective cage in order to prevent damage to the plastic bag.The product-contact region of the magnetic stirrer unit in this caselikewise consists of single-use components.

[EP 1 512 458 A1] demonstrates a solution in which inflatable plasticpillows are integrated in the external or internal region of asingle-use bag system. These pillows are alternately pressurized anddepressurized again. This induces liquid movements which lead tointensification of mixing and suspension in the vessel.

There are a multiplicity of patents for the use of single-use technologyin the fermentation technique sector. In these, in most systems mixingand oxygen supply are achieved via sparging, without further mixingsystems being provided [U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,015, WO 98/13469, U.S. Pat.No. 6,432,698 B1 , WO 2005/049785 A1, EP 1 602 715 A2, WO 2005/080544A2]. If a higher oxygen demand is necessary for the culture which cannotbe achieved alone via sparging, the sparging can be combined with adispersing mixing system [WO 2005/104706 A2, WO 2005/108546 A2, WO2005/118771 A2] or can be overlapped by pumped circulation [WO2005/067498 A2]. The maximum process volume of a sparged unit iscurrently up to 1000 liters. In systems having conventional agitators,but which can also be designed as single-use systems [WO 2005/104706 A2,WO 2005/108546 A2], process volumes of up to 10 000 L are achieved.

In the case of sparging, foaming problems can make the use, and thesubsequent complex removal, of antifoams necessary in the DSP. The cellstress on bubble rise, in the bursting of the gas bubbles at thesurface, and in particular in the foamed destruction, is problematic incell culture systems, since the cells can be permanently damaged by theresultant high shear forces which are introduced. This applies all themore when sparging is combined with a dispersing agitating system, thatis to say an agitating system comminuting the gas bubbles. The damagedcells release proteins, the removal of which can lead to considerableproduct losses during workup. To maintain acceptable cell vitalities,the oxygen input into the abovementioned bioreactors and therefore alsothe cell density which is achievable must be restricted. The restrictedcell density ultimately reduces the space-time yield of the fermentersand the capacity of the total plant. Since a precondition for reliableupscaling in most cases is not considered technically as met, in thesparged single-use reactors, the volume enlargement must be achieved bycomplex paralleling of the systems. If the fermenters are operated asproposed using standard agitating systems, although the volume which canbe processed increases into the range of the permanently installedplants, the risk of contamination can only be managed with comparabletechnical expenditure, for example by the use of damped sliding-ringseals. The great technical complexity and expenditure on personnel ofsuch installations, however, largely emphasizes the advantages of thesingle-use concept.

Other single-use systems provide the necessary gas-introduction rate ofthe culture by means of membrane or surface gas introduction. In thiscase the necessary exchange area for gas transport is provided eithervia a membrane permeable to the gases to be transferred, or via an openboundary area to a gas space. Since no direct gas introduction to thecell culture media proceeds, the particle stress in these reactors maybe categorized as low.

[U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,429] describes a system in which an innersemipermeable flat bag which is filled with cell suspension issurrounded by a further bag which is filled with nutrient solution andenriched with oxygen. Nutrient transport and oxygen transport areintensified via a tilting motion of the bags. The maximum process volumeof a unit is only a few liters. The oxygen input is considerablyrestricted by the low oxygen solubility in the charged medium and thecomparatively low surface area of the membrane. Compared with standardmembrane gas-introduction devices [WO 2005/111192 A1] having specificexchange areas in the order of magnitude of 30 m²/m³ in 100 L reactors,in this arrangement, only a maximum of 10% of this exchange area can beachieved. In both cases, the available exchange area, furthermore,decreases in proportion to the scale enlargement.

Other surface gas-introduction systems likewise operate with a flat bagwhich is clamped on a shaking apparatus. The bag is only partiallyfilled so that a free surface having a gas space lying thereabove isformed. By means of a seesawing motion or an eccentric rotary motion,the culture medium is mixed, the nutrients which are fed aredistributed, cell sedimentation is prevented and the surface is agitated[U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,913 B1 , WO 00/66706, U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,788 B2].In this technology the culture is supplied with oxygen via the freesurface. The motion is continuously adapted in such a manner that theflow is gentle and the cells are not exposed to strong shear. Themaximum process volume of a unit is currently 580 liters. Although thistechnology provides a gentle gas-introduction mechanism, it isrestricted in conversion to an industrial scale. The height of the bagmust be kept approximately constant so that an increase in volume atconstant surface area to volume ratio can only be achieved in the twohorizontal spatial directions. Upscaling can therefore only be achievedvia technically complex paralleling.

The technologies available on the market make use, for freezing, oflarge stainless steel reactors which are supplied with cooling liquids,or small flat plastic bags which are frozen in a secondary manner viaheat-conducting surfaces or by means of convective cold air. In bothcases there is no possibility of agitating the product during thefreezing process, which considerably lengthens the cooling and freezingprocesses. The metal vessels are expensive and require large storageareas in the temporary storage. Thawing is lengthy, since the liquidmotion between ice block and container wall proceeds only via freeconvection, comparably to that in freezing. For thawing the plasticbags, these are cut open in the frozen state and subsequently chargedinto a stirred reactor. The procedure of cutting them open islabor-consuming and contributes to fouling of the working environment.The thawing process is time-intensive, because the ice blocks whichfloat on the surface are hardly reached by the hydrodynamics prevailingin the reactor. Product losses in the course of the long thawing phasesare therefore unavoidable.

In the employment of all of the reactors listed here, considerablelosses must be accepted in performance and upscalability. In many cases,without sufficient scalability, apart from the lack of performance, aneconomic benefit cannot be guaranteed. Scaleup here can only be achievedat the cost of increasing complexity and decreasing the economicbenefit, such as, for example, by paralleling a plurality of reactors orby the additional use of technically complex solutions (for examplesliding-ring seals built into the plastic bags).

A reactor which can be scaled up to the industrial scale of 1 m³-10 m³,guarantees a very high level of sterility comparable to autoclaving byavoiding shaft seals and the problems of cleaning, permitssimultaneously intense and gentle liquid motion and can be installedwith low expenditure on equipment and personnel, is therefore a cleargap in the currently available range of technologies.

It was an object of the present invention to produce a reactor, inparticular for pharmaceutical applications, which, even on large reactorscales, has very good reaction properties for carrying out biological,biochemical and/or chemical reactions with respect to mixing,distribution, suspension, solubilization, mass transport and heattransport, filtration and irradiation, or combinations thereof, and ispreferably simple in handling, meets the high requirements of thepharmaceutical industry with respect to cleaning and sterility andcontributes to increasing process robustness and to increasing thespace-time yield.

The object was achieved by a reactor comprising a reactor vessel and adrive unit, characterized in that the reactor contents, which can betaken up by the reactor vessel, are set in oscillatory-rotary motionabout the fixed, preferably vertical, axis of the reactor by the driveunit, wherein the mechanical power input into the reactor contents isenabled by a suitable shell form of the reactor and/or the reactorvessel and/or by internals installed statically in the reactor and/or inthe reactor vessel. The reactor is preferably constructed as asingle-use reactor.

By means of the internals, distribution processes and/or mixingreactions can be carried out in a simple manner and with the sameintensity as in a conventional stirred tank. In this design, a shaftpassage can be dispensed with completely. The internals again may besupplied with material streams or energy streams via the side facingaway from the product, which streams are introduced into the medium ordischarged therefrom by diffusion, convection, heat conduction and/orradiation. In this manner, for the first time, in addition to mixing,numerous process engineering unit operations such as gas distribution,oxygen input by means of membrane gas introduction, heat transport,irradiation and/or particle retention can be carried out in a single-usereactor in a gentle manner and with an efficiency comparable to astirred tank. The reactions and transport processes proceed in this casedirectly at the internals. Therefore, the sites of the greatesthydrodynamic energy density and greatest reactivity are identical, or inthe case of reactions within the membranes, at least spatially close. Nofurther installations (for example agitators or pumps) are required fortransport of the fluids to the reaction site. Since the amount of energyintroduced into the liquid is only that which is actually required forcarrying out the reaction, these reactions can consequently be carriedout in a particularly low-shear manner.

The latter is of critical importance, in particular in the case ofshear-sensitive cultures having animal or plant cells which, e.g. duringfermentation, must be supplied with oxygen. Because of the high shearforces, here sparging frequently cannot be used, so that generallylow-shear membrane gas-introduction is employed. When the static mixingelements in the reactor according to the invention are constructed astube modules, as described hereinafter, a very high oxygen input or CO₂removal can be ensured using a specific tube or exchange area of morethan 30 m²/m³, which is significantly enlarged compared with the priorart, in a single-use reactor without rotating sealing elements, even atlarge reactor scales.

The reactor has, in particular, a ratio of height to mean diameter of0.2-2.0, preferably 0.6-1.2 and particularly preferably 0.8-1.0. As aresult, tilting moments caused, e.g. by unbalanced masses, can bereduced and a possibility of operation from above is ensured, despite anerection space requirement which can be achieved without problem even ona large scale. In contrast to the slim reactors introduced inbiotechnology, such a broad reactor design offers the possibility ofdispensing with accommodating reactors in expensive high-rise buildingsin favor of erection in cheaper shed-shaped facilities.

Preferably, internals installed in the reactor vessel are provided whichprovide functionalized surfaces oscillating relative to the drive unitfor carrying out physical, biological, biochemical and/or chemicalreactions at and/or in membranes. The functionalized surfaces can beprovided, in particular, for gas introduction via semipermeablemembranes, for gas distribution, for liquid distribution, forirradiation, for filtration, for absorption, for adsorption, foranalysis and also for cooling and/or heating.

The invention further relates to a gas-introduction module suitable forsuch a reactor, in particular a gas distributor or a membrane modulewhich are, in particular, a part of the reactor according to theinvention and are described hereinafter by way of example in theinstalled state. The membrane module which is preferably designed as atube module has, in particular, essentially vertically arrangedpermeable, in particular tubular, membranes, through which gases, suchas oxygen and carbon dioxide, but no liquid, can pass, in such a mannerthat oxygen and/or other gases can be introduced into the reactor in alow-shear manner. The membranes can be arranged to be fixed or movablein the reactor and are particularly preferably constructed in such amanner that they can be moved relative to the inert fluid, so that notonly gas introduction, gas distribution but additionally also a mixedflow can be induced. In particular, a plurality of groups of membranesor membrane tubes arranged adjacent to one another are provided whichprovide an exchange surface area required for membrane gas-introduction.For example, the membrane module which is constructed as a tube moduleand the flat membranes are constructed to be essentially immovable atleast relative to the reactor, and only the reactor is driven by thedrive unit, in such a manner that the gas-treatment module can beprovided as required without expense on construction, in particular asan additional unit which can be connected as desired.

In a preferred embodiment, the membranes are constructed so as to bemicroporous and permit uniform low-shear distribution of gas bubbles, inparticular microbubbles, over the reactor cross section or in thereactor volume without the aid of additional agitator elements.Preferably, the microporous membranes are constructed having core widthsof 0.05-500 μm which can be provided via invaginations in the base ofthe reactors. In this simple manner, bubble coalescence can besuccessfully prevented. Membranes below 0.5 μm are particularlypreferred because particularly fine gas bubbles are generated and anadditionally sterile barrier can possibly be dispensed with.

In a preferred embodiment of the gas-introduction module, a firstholding profile and a second holding profile are provided between whichan elongated, in particular tubular, membrane can be arranged so as tobe lead to and fro. The membrane in this case can be arranged in azigzag shape or a meander shape. As a result, using a single membrane, aparticularly large surface area can be provided for gas introduction tothe reactor contents.

Preferably, the membrane of the gas-introduction module has a membranefilm which is comparatively thin with respect to the total thickness ofthe membrane. The membrane film is preferably connected in atwo-dimensional manner to an open-pore material, such as, for example,foam. In particular, the open-pore material is at least for the mostpart encased by the at least one membrane film. The open-pore materialmakes possible uniform convective gas transport through the membrane, insuch a manner that essentially the entire membrane film can be chargedwith gas. Since the membrane film is connected to the open-porematerial, the membrane film is simultaneously prevented from being ableto inflate at elevated pressures. As a result, a gas-introduction modulemembrane which is further developed in this manner can be operatedwithout problems even at high pressures, so that with comparatively lowmaterial usage, a high volumetric flow rate can be provided for gasintroduction to the reactor contents.

In a preferred embodiment, the gas-introduction module is at least inpart a part of the reactor vessel of the reactor according to theinvention. For this the reactor vessel can have at least two, inparticular exactly two, subpieces, while the gas-introduction module hasa frame, using which the membranes can be fastened. The subpieces can beconnected to the frame, for example by adhesion, in order, together withthe frame of the gas-introduction module, to be able to form the reactorvessel of the reactor. For example, two shell-shaped subpieces areprovided which, at two end sides facing away from one another of a framewhich is shaped essentially rectangularly, can be stuck to the frame.The sides of the frame facing the reactor contents form a part of theshell surface of the reactor vessel. Via the sides of the frame facingaway from the reactor contents the membranes of the gas-introductionmodule can be supplied with gas, for example oxygen, withoutthroughlines needing to be provided therefor, which throughlines wouldhave to be passed through the subpieces.

Preferably, the reactor vessel is lined on an inside at least in partwith a permeable membrane for gas introduction to the reactor, in orderto improve the gas introduction and avoid dead water zones or laminarboundary layers of the flow. For this, it is, in particular, sufficientmerely to form the side of the membrane facing the reactor contents by amembrane film.

Further fields of application for low-shear reactors are precipitationor crystallization of proteins. These operating steps sometimes arise incombination with heat exchange, for example in the plasma fractionationof animal and human blood plasma, and protein purification. In bothprocesses, a particle size distribution which is narrow and shifted tothe largest possible particle diameters is required in order to avoidblockage problems and product losses in subsequent particle separation.If the internals are used in whole or in part as distributor layers forthe more uniform distribution of the precipitants in the reactor space,over-concentrations may be substantially avoided which contribute toseed formation and thereby to generating very small particles. Inaddition, the axially transporting, eccentrically arranged, agitatingelements in the precipitation reactors which are generally preferred forthe macromixing may be avoided, which elements have a particularlyintense shearing action on the particles. The reactors, on theproduct-contact side, are fabricated from materials which are known tothose skilled in the art and are stable to solvents and dissolvedsubstances.

Stability to dissolved substances is likewise an important requirementin protein solubilization. The chemicals used therefor in part have thedisadvantage of attacking the stainless steel surfaces of standardreactors. The novel reactor concept according to the invention offersthe alternative of a broad range of inert materials which is known tothose skilled in the art.

A further reaction which can be carried out in the novel mixing reactorsis irradiation of the reactor contents for the purpose of sterilizationand virus inactivation. Irradiation proceeds within the single-usereactor, e.g. by means of UV irradiators which are positioned in thevessel wall and/or in the built-in elements. Support walls and bags arefabricated from transparent, UV -radiation-transmitting materials whichare known to those skilled in the art, the support walls preferably ofquartz glass, PMMA or Makrolon, and the bags can be fabricated,depending on the application, e.g., of fluoroelastomers, PMMA orMakrolon. A problem in the UV irradiation of biological media is thefrequently extremely limited depth of penetration of the UV rays which,depending on the turbidity, can penetrate only a few tenths of amillimeter of the medium. The good mixing motion and the permanentintensive replacement of the media-side boundary layers means that alsothe reactor zones far from the boundary layer can be intercepted by theradiation, without the products being impermissibly damaged in the caseof too long a residence time in the reactive zones. In this manner,sterilization and inactivation can be carried out for the first timeeven in single-use large reactors under sterile conditions with largedegrees of microbial depletion and small product losses.

Further reactions which can be carried out in this reactor are physical,biological, biochemical and chemical reactions which proceed at leaston, and in part in the interior of, functionalized membranes, forinstance, for example but not as a restriction, enzymatic reactions,membrane adsorption processes or reactive extractions.

A further reaction which can be carried out by the mixing reactor isfreezing and thawing which is required at various points of abiopharmaceutical process, in order to avoid, e.g., a product losscaused by time-dependent decomposition, in the expectation of a releaseanalysis. Using the novel mixing reactor, entire product batches can befrozen, stored in a space-saving manner and thawed out in the samereactor. Freezing and thawing processes proceed in the agitated stageand therefore permit, for intensification and shortening the time of theprocesses, the use of higher temperature differences between the heatingor cooling medium and product solution. Portioning over a plurality ofbags and also manual removal of the bags by cutting them open and thefouling of the working environment caused thereby no longer occur.

By means of the process-intensifying internals, the application limitsof existing single-use technologies are considerably expanded, in such amanner that the novel reactors can also be employed in scales which areconsiderably greater than those available hitherto.

The reactor is constructed, in particular, as a single-use reactor whichcan be discarded after it has been used. For this, the reactor vesselcan be produced from a stable, preferably multilayer, polymer materialor a polymer material which has been applied to stabilizing gridstructures and supporting the intended process engineering unitoperations. Preferably, the reactor vessel is connected to a housingwhich is at least in part adapted to the shell form of the reactor. Forthis, the reactor vessel which is preferably flexible and/or constructedso as to yield can be inserted and/or suspended into the vessel as apositive fit and/or friction fit. Preferably, the reactor vessel isadditionally or alternatively detachably attached to the housing, inparticular by reduced pressure. For example, a trough adjacent to thereactor vessel can be provided, to which trough a reduced pressure canbe applied in order to fasten the reactor vessel.

Particularly preferably, the vessel and the reactor have at least inpart an angular cross section, preferably biangular to octagonal,particularly preferably triangular to quadrangular cross section, andhave flat (45), pyramidal (41) or tetrahedral bases.

In this case, the cross sectional shape can also alter in an axialdirection over the height of the housing. For instance, the housing can,for example, be constructed in the upper region in a cylindrical orsquare shape and in a lower region rectangular, square, pyramidal,tetrahedral etc. By a rotary motion of the reactor vessel (46) thusdesigned, liquid flows (50) can be generated. In addition, the vesselcan form internals within an outer wall of the vessel, by whichinternals the reactor can be accommodated in a non-slip manner, andwhich simultaneously act in a flow-baffling manner in order to improvethe mixing of the reactor contents. The housing can be set inoscillatory-rotary motion about the fixed, preferably vertical, axis ofthe reactor by the drive unit, in such a manner that direct coupling ofthe drive unit to the reactor vessel itself is not required. As aresult, most components can be reused, so that only the, if appropriate,specially shaped single -use reactor need be disposed of, which inprinciple does not require any additional mixing elements in order toachieve a low-shear mixing. Preferably, the housing is rotatablymounted, in particular suspended, so as to be movable in an essentiallyvertical direction. The housing, as a result, can, for example, beinserted simply into a holder or an axial bearing from the top using acrane or from the bottom by means of a lifting platform, in such amanner that for various housing or reactor vessel types the same driveunit and/or the same measurement technique can be employed.

Preferably, the reactor is positively coupled to the drive unit in sucha manner that the acceleration and braking of the reactor rotationproceeds with an essentially constant angular acceleration ordeceleration. As a result, the speed of rotation of the reactor changeslinearly with time in each movement phase of the rotary oscillation.Control modules connected intermediately are not required in this simplereactor movement so that, for example, according to a preferredembodiment for implementation of the oscillatory reactor motion, apendulum drive can be used. As a result, e.g. the release ofelectromagnetic rays which can cause, e.g., faults of sensors, can bedrastically reduced. In particular, as a result of the constant angularacceleration in each phase of the oscillatory-rotary reactor motion,instantaneous peak values of the hydrodynamic shear forces on suspendedparticles (e.g. animal cells) are kept comparatively smaller than inother forms of motion of the reactor.

It has been discovered, surprisingly, that a comparatively small angularamplitude is sufficient for the oscillatory-rotary motion of the reactorin order to achieve good mixing and/or sufficient intensification oftransport processes. In particular, it is hardly necessary to implement3600° rotations, that corresponds to 10 rotations, of the reactor, sothat structurally complex solutions for connecting theoscillatory-rotary reactor to the static surrounds (e.g. for the feedand removal of media and gases, of electrical energy and electricsignals) are hardly required. The reactor can carry out anoscillatory-rotary motion in which the angular amplitude α is in therange 2°≦|α|≦3600°, preferably 20°≦|α|≦180°, particularly preferably45°≦|α|≦90°. In particular, approximately |α|=45° or |α|=90°, whereindeviations of ±5° can be present. In total, therefore, the oscillatorymotion sweeps an angle of 2 |α|

Experiments have found that when the power input is increased, states ofmotion can be established in this reactor in which gas bubbles areintroduced into the reactor. For the cells which are not damaged bysparging, a very simple gas distribution can be achieved in this mannerin a preferred polygonal, particularly preferably 2-4-angular embodimentof the reactor according to the invention without cost-intensiveinternals. Surprisingly, it has been found that unwanted foamdevelopment first, as expected, increases with increasing reactoragitation, in order, however, then after exceeding a maximum foam heightto decrease again to easily manageable foam heights of a fewcentimeters. The cause of this highly astonishing phenomenon of thisfoam destruction is that in these states of motion of the liquid, notonly the gas which is situated in the headspace, but also the foamitself is drawn in by the surface. The foam, by being sucked back belowthe liquid surface, is redissolved gently without application of shearforces, that is to say with strict avoidance of bursting of gas bubbles.In particular, a wave flow can be established by which a part of thereactor contents which are situated on the surface are transported intothe interior of the reactor contents. In this preferred reactor type,therefore foam formation can be substantially suppressed andsimultaneously particularly gentle and effective surfacegas-introduction can be achieved. The use of the oscillating foamdestroyer, however, is in no way restricted to reactors with surfacegas-introduction, but, according to a particularly preferred embodiment,may advantageously be used generally in sparged reactors. Therefore,preferably, in the reactor according to the invention, in particular theintensity of the oscillatory-rotary motion can be set in such a mannerthat, at the surface of the reactor contents, a wave flow can begenerated which transports a part of the reactor contents which aresituated at the surface into the interior of the reactor contents.

In a preferred embodiment, the reactor vessel has an elongatefluorescence sensor running essentially in the peripheral direction tothe axis of the reactor, using which, in particular a pH and/or anoxygen concentration of the reactor contents can be detected. Forcontact-free detection, an optical detection apparatus at a distancefrom the reactor vessel is provided, which gives off, for example, alight flash, in order to be able to determine, from the reaction of thefluorescence sens or to the light flash, the desired measured value. Inparticular, the detection rates and the oscillatory-rotary motion areselected in such a manner that the fluorescence sensor is opticallydetected at various part-surfaces. It is therefore possible to irradiatethe fluorescence sensor at different points, so that bleaching of thefluorescence sensor by “photo bleaching” is prevented and the servicelife is significantly increased.

The invention further relates to a sparged reactor having a reactorvessel which has a polygonal cross section at least in the region of aliquid surface of reactor contents taken up by the reactor vessel, whichreactor contents are charged with gas bubbles via the surface or porousmembranes and, for the purpose of foam destruction, are set into anoscillatory-rotary motion such that foam on the surface of the reactorcontents is transported into the interior of the reactor contents. Thesparged reactor can, in particular, be formed and further developed asdescribed above. The sparged reactor, therefore, is constructed in sucha manner that, additionally, or alternatively, it can be a foamdestroyer.

Preferably, a process is provided in which a reactor or sparged reactoris used which can be formed and further developed as described above.The reactor is particularly preferably used for suspending bioreactivesubstances. Therefore biological materials such as, for example, animaland/or plant cells and/or microorganisms, can be provided which areintended to be suspended in a liquid substrate in order, in particularwith continuous addition of oxygen, to chemically react substancespresent in the substrate. The oscillatory-rotary motion of the reactorand the power input can, in particular, be set in such a manner thatfoam formation on the surface of the reactor contents is minimized It isalready sufficient for this for the oscillatory-rotary motion of thereactor to be at a comparatively small angular amplitude |α| of ≦3600°,clockwise and anticlockwise. The reactor or the sparged reactor is used,in particular, for the preferably low-shear destruction of foam whichcan form on mixing and/or gas introduction. The destruction of the foamproceeds, in particular, by solubilizing the foam, which can be drawninto the interior of the reactor contents by the flow induced in thereactor vessel. That is to say the foam which is drawn in can collapsein a low-shear manner in the interior of the reactor contents.

The invention will be described in more detail hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings referring to preferred examples,to which the invention is not restricted.

The drawings show the following:

FIG. 1 a: a schematic simplified side view of an installed reactor,

FIG. 1 b: a schematic perspective view of the reactor of FIG. 1 a,

FIG. 2 a: a schematic diagram having rotary oscillation suitable for thereactor,

FIG. 2 b: a schematic diagram for comparison of the O₂ introduction invarious gas-introduction methods,

FIG. 3 a: a schematic side view of the reactor of FIG. 1 a,

FIG. 3 b: a schematic plan view of the reactor of FIG. 3 a,

FIG. 3 c: a schematic sectional detail view of the reactor of FIG. 3 a,

FIG. 4 a: a schematic simplified side view of the installed reactor in afurther embodiment,

FIG. 4 b: a schematic perspective view of the reactor of FIG. 4 a,

FIG. 5 a: a schematic perspective view of the reactor in a furtherembodiment,

FIG. 5 b: a schematic perspective view of the reactor in a furtherembodiment,

FIG. 5 c: a schematic perspective plan view of the reactor of FIG. 5 aor FIG. 5 b,

FIG. 5 d: a schematic sectional detail view of the reactor of FIG. 5 aat high velocities,

FIG. 5 e: a schematic plan view of the reactor of FIG. 5 a at highvelocities,

FIG. 5 f: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 5 a in afurther embodiment,

FIG. 5 g: a schematic plan view of the reactor of FIG. 5 f,

FIG. 6 a: a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installedstate in a further embodiment,

FIG. 6 b: a schematic plan view of the reactor of FIG. 6 a,

FIG. 7 a: a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installedstate in a further embodiment,

FIG. 7 b: a schematic sectional view of a silicone tube suitable for thereactor,

FIG. 7 c: a schematic sectional view of a module having the siliconetube of FIG. 7 b,

FIG. 7 d: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 7 a in afurther embodiment,

FIG. 8 a: a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installedstate in a further embodiment,

FIG. 8 b: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 8 a,

FIG. 8 c: a schematic plan view of the reactor of FIG. 8 b,

FIG. 9 a: a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installedstate in a further embodiment,

FIG. 9 b: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 9 a,

FIG. 9 c: a schematic plan view of the reactor of FIG. 9 b,

FIG. 10: a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installedstate in a further embodiment,

FIG. 11 a: a schematic sectional view of the reactor in the installedstate in a further embodiment in a first state,

FIG. 11 b: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 11 a in asecond state,

FIG. 11 c: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 11 a in athird state,

FIG. 11 d: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 11 a in afourth state,

FIG. 11 e: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 11 a in afifth state,

FIG. 11 f: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 11 a in asixth state, FIG. 12 a: a schematic sectional view of the reactor in theinstalled state in a further embodiment,

FIG. 12 b: a schematic sectional detail view of the reactor of FIG. 12 ain a first state,

FIG. 12 c: a schematic sectional detail view of the reactor of FIG. 12 ain a second state,

FIG. 13 a: a schematic sectional view and a schematic plan view of thereactor in the installed state in a further embodiment,

FIG. 13 b: a schematic sectional view and a schematic plan view of thereactor in the installed state in a further embodiment.

FIG. 14 a: a schematic perspective exploded view of the reactor in afurther embodiment,

FIG. 14 b: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 14 a,

FIG. 14 c: a schematic plan view of the reactor of FIG. 14 a,

FIG. 15 a: a schematic perspective exploded view of the reactor of FIG.14 a in a further embodiment,

FIG. 15 b: a schematic sectional view of the reactor of FIG. 15 a,

FIG. 15 c: a schematic plan view of the reactor of FIG. 15 a,

FIG. 15 d: a schematic perspective view of the reactor of FIG. 15 abefore installation,

FIG. 15 e: a schematic perspective view of the reactor of FIG. 15 aafter installation,

FIG. 16 a: a schematic sectional view of a membrane suitable for thegas-introduction module,

FIG. 16 b: a schematic sectional view of a membrane suitable for thegas-introduction module, in a further embodiment,

FIG. 16 c: a schematic sectional detail view of the membrane of FIG. 16a,

FIG. 16 d: a schematic sectional view of a membrane suitable for thegas-introduction module, in a further embodiment,

FIG. 16 e: a schematic sectional plan view of the membrane of FIG. 16 d,

FIG. 17 a: a schematic sectional view of the reactor in a furtherembodiment,

FIG. 17 b: a schematic plan view of the reactor of FIG. 17 a,

FIG. 17 c: a schematic perspective view of a part of thegas-introduction module for the reactor of FIG. 17 a,

FIG. 18: a schematic sectional view of the reactor in a furtherembodiment,

FIG. 19: a schematic plan view of the reactor in a further embodimentand

FIG. 20 a schematically represented qualitative experimental result onfoam generation following gas bubble introduction through the liquidsurface with simultaneous foam destruction following suction of the foaminto the liquid.

INDEX

1 Potential

2 O₂ transport in the case of tubular stators+anchor agitators

3 O₂ transport in the case of membrane modules

4 Reactor contents

5 Reactor

6 Moving housing

7 Door

8 Bearing

9 Frame

10 Drive table

11 Oscillating liquid motion

12 Drive shaft of moving housing

14 Drive

15 Rotary oscillation

16 Angle of the oscillating motion

17 Reactor width

18 Heat exchanger

20 Base

21 Domed base

24 Off-center connection port

25 Welded-in axial passage

26 Central connection port

27 Axial passage

28 Connection port with extension

30 Inlet and outlet of the heating/cooling medium

32 Heat exchanger reception

34 Base recess

36 Horizontal opening in the base

38 Central tube connection (bag)

40 Domed base (bag)

41 Pyramidal base (bag)

42 Outlet tube (bag)

43 Rectangular reactor

44 Harvesting valve (bag)

45 Gas bubbles

46 Accelerated motion

47 Flow vortex

48 Relative motion of the liquid

49 Foam

50 Radial secondary vortex

52 Agitator blade, film element

54 Top clamping element

56 Bottom clamping element

58 Base support

59 Pin for transmitting the torque to 58

60 Distributor bottom

62 Distributor top

64 Tie rod

65 Connection element

66 Suction cup

68 Tightening device tie rod

69 Lock nut tie rod

70 Holding device

72 Tube module

74 Silicone tube

76 Module holding and supply device

78 Casting compound

79 Base body

80 Module holder

82 Attachment line gas feed

84 Attachment line gas takeoff

86 Distributor space gas feed

88 Distributor space gas takeoff

90 Tie rod and supply line gas feed

92 Tie rod and supply line gas takeoff

94 Gas stream feed

96 Gas stream outlet

97 Width of the side pocket

98 Depth of the side pocket

99 Side supporting element

100 Invagination in the top or bottom

102 Cylindrical supporting element

103 Side pocket

104 Support element angle of incidence to the horizontal

105 Angle of the side pocket

106 Conical invagination

107 Tapering angle of the support element

108 Conical support element

110 Pyramidal invagination

112 Pyramidal support element

114 Radiation-transmissive conical support element

116 Radiation source

117 Irradiation shell

118 Radiation-transmissive conical invagination

120 Heating/cooling medium feed

122 Feed line heating/cooling medium

124 Distributor channel

126 Takeoff tube

127 Heatable/coolable support element

128 Heating/cooling shell

129 Reversing device

130 Collection channel

132 Outlet line heating/cooling medium

134 Heating/cooling medium outlet

136 Carrying ring with eyes

138 Frozen fluid

140 Carry cable

142 Intermediate base

144 Passage

146 Lengthened support element

147 Transport

148 Liquid-distributing support element

149 O-ring

150 Filtering layer

151 Cylindrical attachment element

152 Time axis

154 Velocity in leftward direction

155 Velocity in rightward direction

156 Sinusoidal velocity profile

157 Linear velocity profile

158 Stepped velocity profile

160 Time interval per motion cycle

162 Amplitude

170 Expected foam development in the system with surface gasintroduction without foam destruction

175 Foam development following surface gas introduction withsimultaneous foam destruction

180 First inflection point

185 Second inflection point

190 Maximum

200 Bag half

201 Frame

202 Groove in moving housing

203 Peripheral connection edge of the bag half

204 Frame-supported bag

205 Distance between frame and blade element

250 Lid

300 Membrane film

301 Porous layer

302 Membrane tube extruded in parallel strips

303 Distributor space

304 Collection space

305 Connection bridges between membrane tubes

320 Flow-passing element of flat membranes

321 Bottom holder

322 Top holder

330 Flow-passing element of tube membranes

340 Membrane stack

342 Boundary element

343 Distancing element

350 Meander-shaped clamped membrane element

360 Membrane element integrated into the bag wall

401 Sensor layer 1

402 Sensor layer 2

420 Holder for light conductor

411 Light conductor for sensor layer 1

412 Light conductor for sensor layer 2

FIGS. 1 a and 1 b show a reactor vessel, designated reactor 5, of thereactor according to the invention having a drive unit withoutprocess-intensifying internals. The medium 4, a substrate or buffersolution, a fermentation solution or a product solution, is contained inthe reactor 5 which, in the case of the particularly preferred use assingle-use reactor for improving stability, is produced from stable,preferably multilayer, plastic films which are known to those skilled inthe art. The mass of the filled reactor 5 which, for strength reasons,can only be burdened with limited tensile and shearing forces, is takenup in the vertical direction from the base 20 of a surrounding vesseland in the side direction via the shell 6 thereof. For simpleinstallation of the reactor 5, the shell 6 can be opened via a door 7.During the process the base 20 which is rotatably mounted on the bearing8 is set in oscillating rotation 15 via the drive table 10. The positionof the drive axle is preferably fixed in order to avoid transverseforces caused by eccentricity on the reactor 5, or the system consistingof shell 6, base 20 and drive table 10. Transverse forces poseconsiderable problems on upscaling. The angle of the drive axle can bechosen, in principle, as desired between 0 and 90° to the horizontal.Angles around 90° to the horizontal are among the particularly preferredembodiments, because as a result a comparatively simple bearing mountingof the reactor and the drive unit is possible. In this type of bearing,the head region of the reactor 5 remains substantially unloaded andpermits a simple access to the reactor interior by connection lines andsensors. By means of a simply achieved size adaptation of shell 6 andreactor 5, smaller reactors can also be operated on the same base 20,which increases the flexibility of production, in particular in the caseof frequent product changes.

FIG. 2 a shows suitable rotary oscillations 15, e.g. having arectangular 158, linear 157 or sinusoidal 156 course of angular velocitywith time. The period 160 and amplitude 162 of the rotary oscillation 15depend on the geometry and size of the reactor 5 and internals thereofand the desired mechanical power input which is required to carry outthe process step. A low-shear motion can be induced when losses due toflow around the internal elements and thereby relative velocity betweenthe internal elements and the fluid can be kept as constant as possible.In order to achieve this, the fluid is expediently first acceleratedinto the one direction with a sinusoidal velocity impulse 156 of theinternal element and later decelerated in order, on passing through zeroof the rotary velocity, ultimately to be accelerated and decelerated inthe opposite direction. If the torque of the drive used permits highangular accelerations of the reactor, rectangular impulses 158 may beimplemented to an approximation. However, these lead to a considerablygreater range of velocity distribution in the reactor and thereby, withcomparable mechanical power input, to an increase of the shear stress ofsuspended particles. This drive mode will generally be avoided on theculture of shear-sensitive animal cells. In the suspension of sedimentedparticles or on mixing in additives, these additional mixing effects, incontrast, are absolutely desired.

In the case of membrane gas introduction, high specific exchange areasof significantly more than 30 m²/m³ can be ensured in a single-usereactor without rotating sealing elements and, what is more, in verylarge reactor scales. FIG. 2 b shows the gentle use of the membrane gasintroduction 3 according to the invention using tube modules 72 incomparison with a prior art flow-fed membrane stator system 2 fed by anagitator element. To generate this diagram, the volumetric masstransport coefficient ka for oxygen was measured by the dynamic methodand plotted as ordinate. On the abscissa what is termed the referenceflock diameter is plotted, determined by the method described by vonHenzler and Biedermann (Henzler, H.-J., Biedermann, A., Beanspruchungvon Partikeln in Rührreaktoren [Stressing of Particles in StirredReactors], Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik 68(1996)1546 ff.). The referenceflock diameter is a measure of the hydrodynamic shearing of smallsuspended particles, wherein small reference flock diameters indicatelarge shearing forces and vice versa. According to this investigation,the potential 1 of the power increase of the ka value is, for the sameparticle stressing, more than 10-fold, if for sensitive cell cultures inthe turbulent flow range, reference flock diameters of 150 micrometersare used as a basis. This enormous potential 1 makes possible a degreeof play in the scaleup and in the design of inexpensive gas-introductionmembranes. As an alternative to tube modules 72 with which very largespecific exchange areas may be achieved in bioreactors, e.g. alsocheaper flow-passing elements made of flat membranes 320 or parallelextruded tube membranes 330 having slightly reduced specific exchangeareas of the order of magnitude of approximately 10 m²/m³ can also beused.

In the case of generation of coarse or fine gas bubbles via membranes,use can be made of, for example, the oscillating motion of microporousinvaginations 150, in order to distribute gas bubbles in the liquid 11uniformly over the reactor cross section.

FIG. 3 a shows by way of example, but not restricting the invention, inwhat manner the base 20 rotatably mounted on the bearing 8 can be drivenvia a gear wheel 12 using an electric drive 14 which is installed in thedrive table 10. Alternative drive possibilities to electric drives 14could be provided via magnetic forces, induction forces, pneumatics orhydraulics. For heating/cooling the medium 4, the base 20 can beequipped with a cavity 32 in which an electric (for example a heatingmat) or a heat exchanger 18 through which a heating/cooling medium flowscan be accommodated. To improve the heat transfer it is advisable tofill the cavity 32 with a readily heat-conducting heat transfer medium,e.g. water or oil. The heat exchanger is supplied via a central line 30which is connected via tubes or cables to the energy supply, i.e. to aheating/cooling circuit or to electricity. Addition or withdrawal to orfrom the reactor 5 can be performed via central 27 or offcenter 24, 28,passages through the head of the reactor 5. Using the lance 28, additionalso into the depth in the reactor 5 can proceed. In the case ofoffcenter addition, the lance 28 acts as a flow resistance to thesurrounding medium 4, so that at the introduction site, corresponding tothe chosen intensity of the rotary oscillation 15, a liquid flowfavoring mixing can be produced. The passageways 24, 26 and 28 arelikewise suitable for bringing commercially available sampling systemsand sensors for measuring temperature, gas content, ion concentration,optical properties, particle concentration and cell vitality intocontact with the medium 4 or the gas space for the purpose of processcontrol. The introduction of thermally or chemically presterilized andcalibrated systems can proceed at the start of the process under asafety cabinet. The sensors are customarily fastened to the port using ascrew connection and sealed to the inner flanks of the passageways bymeans of an O-ring. Preference is further given to sensors based onfluorescent reactive dyes which are simply applied to the reactor wallin order to interact with the medium. Excitation and measurement of thelayers can proceed non-invasively from the outside, which eliminates therisk to sterility of sensor introduction. The load-bearing capacity ofreactors fabricated with plastic can be increased in the region of thepassageways by means of welded or glued reinforcements 25 (see also FIG.3 c). It is expedient to restrict the angle 16 (see FIG. 3 b) betweenthe two reversal points of the rotary oscillation 15. In this manner,excess torsional strain of the flexible supply lines such as, forexample, tubes or electric cables, which are attached to the reactor 5is prevented. Although angle 16 up to 3600° is not manageabletechnically, it has surprisingly been shown that the reactors arecomparatively low shear even at significantly smaller angles 16 that andmay be operated with good hydrodynamic surface flow of the internalelements provided for process intensification. Conversion of scale can,depending on the task, proceed by keeping constant the mechanical powerinput P/V or the particle stresses or the path lengths taken by the flowinternals. It follows therefrom that, depending on the criterion used,the angular velocity and/or the angle 16 decrease with increasingreactor size 17 on scaleup.

An expedient embodiment of the single-use reactor which does notrestrict the invention is shown in FIGS. 4 a and b. These single-usereactors have a domed base 40 and a central outlet 38. This means that,after a valve 44 is opened, complete withdrawal of the medium ispossible via a tube line 42. The tube line 42 is laid toward the outsidefrom the conical recess 34 via a base gap 36 of the domed base 21.

A particularly simple, and nevertheless effective, method fortransmitting the rotary oscillation 15 from the reactor walls to themedium 4 can proceed without flow internals, just by the choice of asuitable reactor geometry. If, as is shown in FIGS. 5 a-c, instead of areactor having a cylindrical cross section 5, a rectangular reactor 43having a flat (see FIG. 5 a) or pyramidal 41 (see FIG. 5 b) base isused, this gives the secondary flows 50 shown in FIG. 5 c. These are areaction to the relative motion 48 which counteracts the acceleratedrotary motion 46 of the rectangular reactor 43 and is caused by the massinertia of the medium 4. Using these secondary flows 50, mixingoperations can be initiated. As a result of the motion of the liquidsurface, the reactor is also suitable for oxygen input by surfacegas-introduction. Since the reactor height would have to be keptconstant on scaleup, this gas-introduction method, depending on thedesired cell count, is only suitable for small reactor volumes becauseof the considerable space requirement for erection. An improvement ofoxygen input is achieved, provided this is tolerated by the cells, bysparging, which in the case of this reactor proceeds above certainstates of motion dependent on the reactor scale by drawing gas bubblesbelow the liquid surface. Depending on selection of the fermentationmedium, the introduction of the gas bubbles can cause a greater orlesser foam problem. It is absolutely necessary in this case to preventthe foam from being conducted through exhaust gas lines to attachedsterile filters and wetting these and thereby causing a contaminationrisk or a blockage problem. By means of a suitably adjusted wave motion,the foam 49 which is formed on the surface can be drawn into theinterior of the medium 4 via flow vortexes 47, 50, in such a mannerthat, in this case, bursting of the gas bubbles 45 is substantiallyavoided (FIG. 5 d). The foam 49 can thereby be drawn in to an extent ina low-shear manner, in such a manner that the foam thickness is verysmall or even at least in part the surface is foam-free (FIG. 5 e). Thisis shown by way of example in FIG. 20 in which the foam height h whichis formed in the reactor vessel 5 in relation to the mean diameter D isplotted in the region of the surface of the reactor contents 4, whereinthe mean diameter results from a round comparison cross section havingthe same area as the actual cross section of the reactor vessel 5 in theregion of the surface of the reactor contents 4. The foam height hrelative to the mean diameter D is sketched as a function of themechanical power input P relative to the volume V of the reactorcontents 4. It is shown diagrammatically how the foam height relative tothe reactor diameter h/D in the reactor according to the invention(curve 175) at first increases greatly following the gas bubbleintroduction with an increasing liquid motion caused by the increase ofthe mechanical power input P/V, in order, however, with a furtherincrease in power input to fall again. Compared with a surface gasintroduction reactor without foam-destroying properties (curve 170) inwhich a continued increase of foam heights with increasing power inputcan be assumed, a considerably expanded usage spectrum results thereby.In the reactor according to the invention, flow movements having afoam-destroying effect take place, in such a manner that the foamdevelopment 175, after passing through a maximum 190 arranged between afirst point of inflection 180 and a second point of inflection 185,decreases again. The reactor 5 with at least surface gas introductioncan therefore preferably be operated with a specific mechanical powerinput P/V which, based on the second point of inflection 185, isselected to be greater, so that good mixing performance is possible at asurprisingly low foam development.

In the illustrative example shown in FIG. 5 f of the reactor, thehousing 6 is suspended so as to be able to rotate via a bearing 8 whichis driven by drive 14. The rectangular single-use reactor 43 which isprovided with a large lid 250 has a pyramidal base 41, at the bottommestpoint of which an outlet 42 is provided. In addition to the outflow 42,fluorescence sensors 401, 402 which run in the peripheral direction areprovided, which can measure the pH and/or the O₂ concentration. For eachsensor 401, 402, a light conductor 411, 412 is provided in order toflash the sensors 401, 402 with light for a measurement. Since in theillustrative example shown, the sensors 401, 402 are arranged at thebase in the vicinity of the outlet 42, there is the opportunity toconstruct the sensors 401, 402 as half-ring-shaped sensor layers (FIG. 5g).

A considerable reinforcement of the mixing motion is possible usinginternals. FIG. 6 a and FIG. 6 b show by way of example a cylindricalreactor 5 having an installed blade agitator. The blade agitator can beformed by agitator blade film elements 52 which, at the time point ofreactor use, are clamped between the two clamping elements 54 and 56.Between 1 and 50, preferably 1-8, particularly preferably 1-4, agitatorblade film elements 52 which are distributed uniformly on the periphery,similarly to conventional stirred tanks, are anchored in the centralinternals 60 and 62.

The base bearing 60 is firmly attached by welding or adhesion to thebase of the reactor 5 via the support ring 58. Using the drive spindle59 let into the rotatable base 20, which spindle, depending on the drivemoment can be designed, e.g., as a gear wheel or simple key bow, thedrive forces are transmitted to the base bearing without transmittingtorsion forces to the wall of the reactor 5 which is sensitive in thecase of single-use reactors. The clamping of the agitator blade filmelements 52 proceeds in single-use reactors in the state of the reactor5 which is filled with medium 4 by clamping the tie anchor 64 which isconnected to the head bearing 62 into the holding device 70, e.g. usinga lock nut screw connection 66 and 68 so as to be tight to twisting. Theturning moments are transmitted via the holding device 70 to the shell 6of the supporting container. In this case, a force transmission to thewalls of the reactor 5 is avoided. Filling the reactor 5, when it isused as a single-use reactor, is a precondition for clamping theagitator blade film elements 52, when, for the sake of simplicity,additional fastening between the base bearing 60 and the drive spindle59 is to be omitted.

FIGS. 7 a to c show by way of example of the cylindrical reactor 5,which is not restricting to the invention, that, for improving theoxygen introduction, tube modules 72 can relatively simply beaccommodated in a reactor 5 as in the mixing appliance shown in FIGS. 6a to c. The module 72 consists, as shown in FIG. 7 b, of silicone tubes74 which are glued in a base body 79 using an FDA-permitted siliconecasting composition 78. The base body 79 can be connected gas-tightly tothe module holder 80, e.g. using screw connections or, as shown, snap-onconnections, wherein the silicone casting compound 78 simultaneouslyacts as sealing surface. The two channels of the module holder 80 supplythe silicone tubes 74 which are laid in two parallel strips, preferablymultilayered, with oxygen-containing gas 94, or take care of the removalof the exhausted gas stream 96. Both channels of the module holder 80are connected via connection elements 82 and 84 to the distributionelement 76 which, for the supply of a plurality of modules, provides adistributor space 82 for the gas feed and a distributor space 88 for theexhaust gas. The two distributor spaces 82 and 88 are supported by thecoaxial line 90 for gas feed and 92 for gas discharge. The anchoring ofthe silicone tubes 74, which are laid in a loop-like manner, on thereactor base proceeds using a clamping element 56 laid in the interiorof the loop. The silicone tubes are clamped as in the mixing reactor inFIG. 6 in the vessel filled with medium 4. Otherwise, a staticconnection between base bearing 60 and drive spindle 59 must besupplied. The gas-introduction module 72 can be attached firmly, inparticular pneumatically, by an applied reduced pressure, via a basesupport 58 on the base 20, as a result of which sufficient stability maybe achieved to ensure relative motion of the silicone tubes 74 to themedium 4. For this, the base support 58 can lie adjacent to a suctioncup 66, wherein the suction cup 66 can be designed as a recess of thehousing 6, which recess can be connected to a source of reducedpressure.

FIGS. 8 a to 8 c show an alternative reactor design which isparticularly advantageous compared with the mixing reactor in FIGS. 6 ato c, by way of example of a cylindrical reactor 5 which does notrestrict the invention to this reactor. The transfer of the rotaryoscillation 15 to the medium 4 in this case no longer proceeds viaagitator blade film elements 52 which are to be clamped tightly, but bymeans of pocket-like, welded-in or glued-in invaginations 100 which, asshown, can be used preferably in the base, but also in the head (notshown in the figure) or in the sides (see FIG. 13) of the reactor 5. Thestatic support elements 102 which are mounted on the base 20 can beintroduced into the invaginations 100. Mixing elements can proceed inthis manner even in empty reactors 5 by simple raising. Reactor andreactor frame consisting of shell 6 and base 20 can thereby beconsiderably simplified in construction, since with a sufficient numberof invaginations, force can be transmitted directly to the reactor 5without strength problems. Anchoring of the base bearing is omitted. Aholding device 70 similar to FIG. 6 a is only necessary wheninvaginations 100 and support element 102 are intended to be used in thehead of the bag. For improving the axial mixing, the angle 104 of thesupport elements may be altered. Better axial mixing is achieved withangles of attack 104 <90°, preferably 30° to 70°, particularlypreferably 45° to 60° to the horizontal. If in the case of angles ofattack <90° the distance from the reactor wall is to be kept constant, acurved profile for the support element 102 is selected.

In FIG. 9, the conical embodiment of the support elements which isparticularly to be preferred for simplified assembly is shown. In thiscase the shape of the support elements can be pyramidal 110 or conical108. Since the conical support elements 108 and invaginations 106 aresimpler to fabricate, this is considered a preferred solution. Angles107 between 0° and 45° lead to technically logical solutions, whereinthe range between 2 and 15° is to be considered as a particularlypreferred embodiment.

Using the arrangement in FIG. 10, by way of the example of a cylindricalreactor 5, but not being restricted to this reactor, the invention showshow by means of UVC irradiation, sterilization or virus inactivation ofa medium 4 can be carried out in a reactor 5. In this case not only thereactor 5 and the invaginations 106, but also the support elements 117and the irradiation shell 114 are fabricated from materials which aretransmissive to UVC rays. Materials which come into consideration forthe bags are films which are transmissive to UVC rays which are known tothose skilled in the art. A certain absorption by the plastic materialcan be compensated for without problems by the very large irradiationsurface which can be achieved in this reactor. The transparentsupporting element 117 and the transparent double-wall irradiation shell114 which is radiation-isolated from the outside, which are fabricatedfrom stable UV-radiation-transmissive materials which are known to thoseskilled in the art, preferably of quartz glass, Makrolon or PMMA, can beequipped from the interior with UVC radiation sources 116 which aresupplied with electrical energy, for example via the base 20.

In FIGS. 11 a to e by way of the example of a rectangular reactor 43,but not restricting the invention to this reactor, preferred embodimentsand processes of a novel single-use freezing and thawing concept arepresented. The drive and energy supply part of the novel reactor isshown in FIG. 11 a. The heating/cooling medium 120 is fed via theflexible connection 122 close to the center into a distributor channel124 of the moving base 20 and subsequently into the flow-passing supportelements 127 and the vessel shell 128. The cylindrical reversing device129 which is installed in the vessel shell 128 ensures targetedupwards-directed overflow of the surface of the heating/cooling shell128 which is available for heat exchange. The heating/cooling mediumflowing downwards in counterflow from the heating/cooling shell 128 isremoved on the outside of the heating/cooling shell 128. This isconnected to the collection channel 130 via which the heating/coolingmedium streams taken off from the support elements 127 via the takeofftubes 126 are also removed. The collection channel 130 is connectedclose to the center to the flexible outlet line 132 via theheating/cooling medium 134 which is being changed calorically andrecirculated, e.g., into a heat circuit.

In FIG. 10 b, the rectangular reactor 43 is shown having invaginations106 for receiving the support elements 127. The reactor 43, in the headregion, has a glued-on or welded-on stable carrier ring 136 to which aplurality of eyes for receiving pulling devices 140 (see FIG. 11 c) areattached. Using the carrier ring 136 and the pulling appliance 140, therectangular reactor 43 together with the frozen product can be withdrawnfor intermediate storage or returned again to the reactor for thawing.In order to prevent damage to the internal flanks of the invaginations106 during introduction of the frozen products into relatively largevessels, the use of a carrier construction shown in FIG. 11 d isadvisable. This consists of a thin-walled intermediate base 142 producedfrom readily heat-conducting materials and conical intermediate elements148 which are readily heat conducting and as thin-walled as possible,which are placed between the invaginations 106 and the heated/cooledsupport elements 127. In the center of the base plate there is locatedan elongated support element 146 having a carrying eye, using which thereactor can be removed by means of a pulling device, e.g. after thefreezing process (see FIG. 11 e). For use of the carrier construction,it is necessary to construct the reactor 43 in the center having apassage 144 instead of an invagination 106. The rectangular shape of thereactor 43 favors space-saving storage and therefore is a particularlypreferred embodiment. The carrier construction, furthermore, makespossible damage-free transport (see FIG. 11 d) of the reactors 43 on atransport base 147 e.g. to a storage space, and simple and hazard-freestacking of the reactors 43 on shelves.

In FIGS. 12 a to c, a preferred embodiment of the mixing reactor whichis not restrictive to the invention, having process-intensifyingproperties for particle retention is presented. The invaginations 150fabricated, for example, from woven cloth, nonwovens, perforated films,porous layers and/or filter membranes are pulled ontoliquid-distributing support elements 148, e.g. gap screens, orperforated sheets. The invagination can be sealed by means of an O-ring149 in the region of the cylindrical attachment elements 151 fabricatedfrom impermeable materials. The filtrate can be withdrawn via the base20. The device, in a similar embodiment, is also suitable for liquiddistribution, sparging and carrying out reactive process steps at and/orin permeable, semipermeable or non-permeable membranes 150.

In FIGS. 13 a and b, preferred reactors 5 which are not restricting theinvention are shown having side pockets 103 integrated into the reactorwall. In this form, the reactor, preferably supported by the sidesupport elements 99 in the outer wall 6, can transmit the rotary motionto the reactor contents in a similar manner to the conventional agitatorsystems. Support elements 99 and pockets 103 can be used as in thepreceding examples, likewise for process intensification. The number,breadth 97 and depth 98, and also the desired material properties(radiation-transmissive, filtering, gas- or heat-permeable) and therebythe material of the side pockets 103 and the side support elements 99are established by the required boundary conditions, e.g. at therequired exchange area. In pure mixing tasks, in a similar manner toagitator systems which are close to the wall, 1 to 8 pockets appear tobe sufficient, wherein 2 pockets because of the comparatively lowinstallation expenditure are considered a preferred number. The depth 98of the pockets 103, in a similar manner to agitator systems, ispreferably between 0.02-0.4, preferably 0.05-0.2, particularlypreferably 0.1-0.15 times the reactor diameter. The preferred shape ofthe pockets extends from parallelepipedal via truncated cone torooflike. The preferred opening angles 97 of the pockets 103 to thesupport element 99 can in this case vary between 0° and 45°, wherein theopening angles between 2° and 20° are counted as among the preferredangles. The intensity of the axial mixing can be influenced by the angleof incidence 105 of the pockets 103 to the vertical. Expedient angles ofincidence are between 0° and 75° and particularly preferably between 0°and 45°.

In the illustrative example of the reactor shown in FIG. 14 a, thereactor vessel 5 which is constructed as a single-use bag has two baghalves 200 which can be stuck to a frame 201 which is arranged betweenthe bag halves 200. Since the bag halves 200 are constructed so as to beflexible and the frame 201 is constructed so as to be rigid, it isadvisable that the housing 6 has grooves 202 into which the projectingpart of the frame 201 between the bag halves 200 can be inserted (FIG.14 c). Motion of the housing 6 can be directly transmitted to thereactor vessel 5 without a significant friction-burdened relative motionbeing able to occur. In addition, between an upper holding profile and alower holding profile of the frame 201, at least one, in particularfilm-like, or more stable blade agitator 52, if appropriate fabricatedfrom the material of the frame 201, can be provided (FIG. 14 b). Thedistance 205 between the blade agitator 52 and the vertical parts of theframe 201 is, in particular, selected in such a manner that slots resultwhich additionally increase vortexing of the medium 4. The distance 205preferably extends from 0 to 30% of the reactor diameter.

In the illustrative example of the reactor shown in FIG. 15 a comparedwith the illustrative example shown in FIG. 14 a, instead of the bladeagitator 52, a gas-introduction module constructed as tube module 72 isprovided, wherein the frame 201 can be part of the tube module 72, forexample in order to clamp the membrane constructed as permeable siliconetubes 74. The gas stream feed 94 and/or the gas stream outlet 96 can besealed in a sterile manner before installation of the reactor vessel 5(FIG. 15 d) and, after installation (FIG. 15 e) a gas supply can readilybe attached. The supply lines of the gas stream feed 94 and/or of thegas stream outlet 96 can each be arranged completely within a bag half200 assigned to them, in order not to impair the connection of the baghalves 200 to the frame 201 (FIG. 15 c). As a result, it is possible torestrict the number of connections passing out of the single-use reactorto the outside and to position them in the vicinity of the vertical axisfor gentle handling of the connection lines.

In the alternative embodiment of the membrane 74 shown in FIG. 16 a, amembrane case 300 is provided which is connected in a two-dimensionalmanner to a porous layer 301, wherein the porous layer can have anopen-pore material, such as, for example, foam material. In order tocharge the membrane 74 with a gas pressure, the gas stream feed 94and/or the gas stream outlet 96 extend from the end side of the membrane72 (FIG. 16 a) and/or from the longitudinal side of the membrane 72(FIG. 16 b) through the membrane film 300 into the porous layer 301. Themembrane 72 has, in particular, two membrane cases 300, which overlapthe porous layer 301, in such a manner that the membrane cases 300 canbe connected to one another at the overlapping regions and the porouslayer can be completely encased (FIG. 16 c). As a result, a flatmembrane 72 can be provided which does not inflate under pressure and,as a flat membrane element 320, can be part of a membrane stack 340,wherein, preferably, all flat membrane elements 320 of the membranestack 340 are connected to exactly one gas stream feed 94 and/or exactlyone gas stream outlet line 96 (FIG. 17 c). The flat membrane element 320can be spaced from one another via distancing elements 343 and, as partof the membrane stack 340, be part of the gas-introduction module 72(FIG. 17 a). By limiting elements 342, the membrane stack 340 can befixed in a variable manner on an upper holder 321 and/or a lower holder322.

In the embodiment of the reactor shown in FIG. 18, the flat membrane 72is constructed so as to be particularly long and conducted to and fro ina meander-like manner between the lower holder 321 and the upper holder322, so that a membrane element 350 clamped in a meander-like mannerresults.

The reactor shown in FIG. 19 has a reactor vessel 5 constructed as asingle-use bag which conforms to an inner wall of a moving housing 6. Amembrane element 360 is integrated into the bag wall of the reactorvessel 5 in such a manner that the inside of the reactor vessel 5 islined at least in part with the membrane element 360 in order to be ableto introduce gas into the medium 4 from the outside radially also. Thegas stream feed 94 and/or the gas stream outlet 96 for the membraneelements 360 can be conducted via the frame 201, in such a manner thatfurther membranes 72 for gas introduction into the medium 4 can beconnected without problems to the frame 201.

By means of the process-intensifying internals and thereby the physical,biological, biochemical and chemical reactions which can be carried outin and on membranes, e.g. for gas introduction, gas distribution, liquiddistribution, particle retention, irradiation and/or heat feed andremoval, the application limits of existing single-use technologies areconsiderably extended, so that the novel reactors can also be employedon considerably greater scales than those previously available.

1. A reactor comprising a reactor vessel removably inserted in anddetachably attached to a reactor housing, a drive unit adapted to rotatethe reactor housing, with reactor vessel inserted therein, inperiodically opposite directions; said reactor housing being insertedinto a holder or on an axial bearing, wherein contents of the reactorvessel are rotated in periodically opposite directions, about a fixedvertical, axis of the reactor, wherein a mechanical power input from thedrive unit into the reactor vessel contents is enabled by an angularcross section and a flat, pyramidal or tetrahedral base a shell form ofthe reactor vessel, by mixing elements fixed within the reactor vessel,or by both. 2-4. (canceled)
 5. The reactor as claimed in claim 1,wherein the reactor vessel has a ratio of height to mean diameter of0.2-2.0.
 6. The reactor as claimed in claim 1, wherein said mixingelements have functionalized surfaces for carrying out physical,biological, biochemical or chemical reactions at or in membranes, forgas distribution, for liquid distribution, for irradiation, forfiltration, for absorption, for adsorption, for analysis or for coolingor heating.
 7. The reactor as claimed in claim 1, wherein said reactorvessel comprises clamping elements, a lower frame, a blade agitatorformed by agitator blade elements which, when the reactor vessel isoperated, are clamped between two clamping elements, at least one basebearing which is fixed to the base of the reactor vessel by welding oradhesion via a support ring, a drive spindle which is let into arotatable base, which drive spindle, depending on drive moment, isdesigned as a gear wheel or simple key bow, a tie rod connected to ahead bearing and a holding device.
 8. (canceled)
 9. The reactor asclaimed in claim 1, wherein substances to be mixed are UV-irradiatedgas-treated with oxygen, filtered, cooled, or any combination thereof.10. The reactor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reactor vessel is asingle-use reactor vessel.
 11. The reactor as claimed in claim 10,wherein the reactor vessel is produced from stable, multilayer polymermaterial or polymer material applied to stabilizing grid structures. 12.The reactor as claimed in claim 10, which is produced from stableplastic films. 13-15. (canceled)
 16. The reactor as claimed claim 1,wherein the reactor housing is positively coupled to the drive unit insuch a manner that the acceleration and braking of the reactor rotationproceeds at an essentially constant angular acceleration ordeceleration.
 17. The reactor as claimed in claim 1, wherein therotation of the reactor in periodically opposite directions has anangular amplitude α in the range 2°≦|α|≦3600°.
 18. The reactor asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the reactor vessel further comprises agas-introduction module having essentially vertically arranged permeablemembranes for gas introduction to the reactor.
 19. The reactor asclaimed in claim 18, wherein the reactor vessel has at least twosubpieces and the gas-introduction module has a frame for fastening themembranes, wherein the subpieces are each connected to the frame. 20.The reactor as claimed in claim 18, wherein the membrane has a membranefilm connected to an open-pore material.
 21. The reactor as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the reactor vessel further comprises a gas-introductionmodule, and the gas-introduction module has comprises a first holdingprofile and a second holding profile and at least one elongated membranewhich is arranged so as to be led to and from between the first holdingprofile and the second holding profile.
 22. The reactor as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the reactor vessel is lined on an inside at least inpart with a permeable membrane for gas introduction to the reactor. 23.The reactor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reactor vessel has anelongate fluorescence sensor running essentially in the peripheraldirection to the axis of the reactor and an optical detection apparatusat a distance from the reactor vessel.
 24. The reactor as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the rotation in opposite directions in a periodicfashion can be set in such a manner that, at the surface of the reactorcontents, a wave flow can be generated which transports a part of thereactor contents situated at the a surface into an interior of thereactor contents.
 25. (canceled)
 26. A process for mixing and/ordispersing substances comprising mixing and/or dispersing saidsubstances in a reactor as claimed in claim
 1. 27. (canceled)
 28. Amethod of destroying foam formed in a reactor vessel which comprisesmixing and/or dispersing foam forming substances in a reactor as claimedin claim 1.